Wfr^LLETIN NO. 



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Scope and Organization 




1 



WASHINGTON, D. C. 

August, 1914 



BULLETIN No. 3 FOURTH EDITION) 



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Haaljtttgtnn, i. (C. 



Established December 1, 1910 



Scope and Organization 




WASHINGTON, D. C. 

August, 1914 




The Institute of Industrial Research 
Corner 19th and B Streets N. W., Washington, D. C. 



By Tr 

APR ' 






PRESENT ORGANIZATION OF THE INSTITUTE 



Allerton S. Cushman, A.M., Ph.D., Director 

Henry A. Gardner, Assistant Director 

N. Monroe Hopkins, M.S., Ph.D., Electrical Engineer 

Chas.A.Crampton, M.D., Ph.C., Food and Drug Expert 

George W. Coggeshall, Ph.D., Chemical Engineer 

Prevost Hubbard, Chemical Engineer 

H. C. Fuller, B.S., Drug Expert 

Thomas M. Rector, Bacteriologist 

W. Glen Abbott, Asst. Asphalt Chemist 

Assistant Analysts 

Louis G. Carmick, B.S. Leland P. Hart 

William J. Monran 



P. H. Butler, Secretary and Treasurer 
William H. Beck, Assistant Secretary 



BOARD OF TRUSTEES 



Allerton S. Cushman, President 

Henry A. Gardner, Vice-President 

Charles A. Crampton 

George W. Coggeshall 

Prevost Hubbard, Secretary 

Henry C. Fuller 

William B. Hibbs 



PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION 

The great success of the idea embodied in the scope 
and purpose of this Institute and the great industrial 
achievements of some of our principal clients have not 
been attained without arousing the jealousy and antago- 
nism of some competing interests. Inspired by their own 
motives, certain persons have alleged in a public manner 
that the Institute building was constructed in a prominent 
part of the City of Washington, facing a beautiful Gov- 
ernment reservation and park, with the sole purpose in 
view of producing the impression across the country that 
the Institute was a branch of the Government service and 
therefore qualified to speak with Government authority 
on many of the problems coming within its scope. It has 
also been alleged that the bulletins of this Institute are de- 
signed on purpose to further this impression and are issued 
so as to closely imitate the publications put out by the vari- 
ous scientific bureaus and departments of the Government 
service. It has also been stated that the Institute, its build- 
ing and its organization are owned and supported by 
special interests in this country. 

In issuing this fourth edition of our Bulletin No. 3, de- 
scribing the scope and organization of the Institute, we 
take occasion to correct these statements which we consider 
to be of an unjustifiable and malicious nature. Like other 
simrlar^organizations, we depend for our support upon fees 
and retainers in payment for service rendered. If a 
widely spread impression were to get abroad that this In- 
stitute was, either directly or indirectly, under the control 
of the United States Government, corporations or persons 
desiring such services as can be rendered by the Institute 
would not know that our organization was available to 
them and would seek to have their work done elsewhere. 
The statement that the Institute has endeavored to mas- 
querade as a Government foundation is therefore mani- 
festly absurd. 

The fact that our bulletins are published with the same 
order of dignity and accuracy as has always been the prac- 



tice in the scientific bureaus of the Government is due only 
to the fact that nearly all of the heads of divisions on the 
Institute staff have been trained for many years in the 
Government service and have been at one time or another 
in charge of the issue of Government reports and publica- 
tions. We desire to emphasize the fact at this place that 
The Institute of Industrial Research has no connection 
whatsoever with any branch of the Government, although 
its reports and publications are as carefully and accurately 
prepared as scientific possibilities permit. We also take 
this occasion to state that the Institute is not controlled or 
guided by any special interests whatsoever, either in this 
country or abroad. Statements that any persons or corpo- 
rations cannot get fair and accurate scientific investigation 
and reports at this Institute are without foundation and 
are maliciously put forward in the attempt to promote 
private gain. 



PLAN AND SCOPE OF THE INSTITUTE 

THE Institute of Industrial Research was 
founded by Allerton S. Cushman, Henry A. Gardner 
and N. Monroe Hopkins, December i, 1910, as a 
company duly Incorporated under the laws of the District 
of Columbia. The articles of Incorporation declare that 
the objects of the corporation shall be: 

"i. To Investigate and Improve processes of manufac- 
ture and to cooperate with manufacturers In the reduction 
of costs and the utilization of by-products and waste. 

"2. To Investigate and Improve general metallurgical, 
mining and agricultural operations, so as to Improve their 
efficiency and to disseminate Information In regard to such 
Improvements. 

"3. To study the problems of paint technology, electri- 
cal engineering, and electrochemistry; and to institute 
economies and improvements in the manufacture of fer- 
tilizers and general chemicals. 

"4. To train and instruct graduates of scientific and 
technical schools and other qualified persons in industrial 
research, and to aid them in obtaining work for which 
they are particularly fitted; and in general to do and per- 
form every lawful act and thing necessary or expedient to 
be done or performed for the efficient and profitable con- 
ducting of said business, as authorized by the Laws of 
Congress, and to have and exercise all powers conferred 
by the laws of the District of Columbia upon said corpora- 
tion." 

The articles of Incorporation were purposely drawn so 
as to provide for the expansion and development of the 
Institute's work on the broadest possible lines. The 
branches of the work which have been given the most 
attention include metallurgical problems, with especial ref- 
erence to the protection and conservation of the Industrial 
metals; agricultural chemistry, land and fertilizer prob- 
lems; paint technology in all its branches; food and drug 
problems with especial reference to the interpretation and 
compliance with Federal and State legislation; chemical 



industry, including the improvement and extension of pres- 
ent processes and the development of new ones; road 
building and paving problems with especial reference to 
specifications, inspections, advice and investigations in co- 
operation with municipalities and other corporations or 
individuals who desire to retain expert assistance, with 
chemical and mechanical testing and examination. Elec- 
trochemistry and electrical and chemical engineering in 
general is also made a strong specialty. Patents and their 
development have proved to offer a field in which the serv- 
ices of the Institute have been useful. Although the Insti- 
tute does not undertake to do the work of patent solicitors 
or attorneys, its location in the City of Washington and its 
broad equipment for_ investigation enables patent attorneys 
and inventors to avail themselves of special facilities for 
working out their problems. 

The organization of the Institute is built up on the same 
plan as some of the scientific bureaus of the Federal Gov- 
ernment, in which most of the Divisional Chiefs received 
their training through many years of official service. The 
Institute, however, is quite independent of the Govern- 
ment, and is supported entirely by fees and retainers 
received from clients for service rendered. Ordinary 
commercial analytical work and testing is carried on to a 
limited extent, although it is not a principal object of the 
Institute unless the results sought have a direct bearing on 
important development problems. 

Although research must be essentially scientific and car- 
ried on along scientific lines, the intention is to interpret all 
results obtained in a practical way, so that they will be 
useful to manufacturers and others who avail themselves 
of the advantages that the work of the Institute offers. 

Many of the great industrial associations of the United 
States have been within the last few years carrying on 
research work as a business asset. It is naturally more 
economical for such associations to avail themselves of an 
organization and equipment already complete than to es- 
tablish and endow their own laboratories. Already sev- 
eral of the most important representative organizations 



have completed arrangements with the Institute to carry 
on research work in their respective lines, and the results 
obtained have fully justified this cooperation. 

The laboratories and offices of the Institute are admira- 
bly housed in a new and specially designed building which 
is located on a beautiful site facing on Potomac Park at 
19th and B Streets Northwest. It is very near the Pan 
American Union building and about five minutes walk 
from the White House. 

The building contains a large lecture hall, which also 
serves the purpose of a library and demonstration room. 
It is equipped with lantern Balopticon and projector. This 
room is available without charge as a meeting place for 
technical committees of various learned societies meeting 
in Washington. 

The description of the various laboratories and their 
equipment will be found under the chapter describing the 
separate divisions of the work. 




I 



Library, Lecture, and Demonstration Hall 



DIVISION OF METALLURGY 

ALLERTON S. CUSHMAN, A.M., Ph.D., in Charge of Division 

THE Division of Metallurgy is prepared to under- 
take work In all problems in the line of metallurgy, 
including the mining, chemistry and evaluation of 
fuels and industrial minerals. Special attention and study 
have been given to corrosion problems and methods of 
overcoming these difficulties. Although not strictly speak- 
ing a metallurgical problem, examinations and reports on 
water supplies are handled in this Division. This work is 
taken up in both the sanitary and industrial phases of the 
subject, and includes sew^age and drainage problems. In 
many cases the rapid corrosion of boilers and metallic con- 
tainers is principally due to the character of the water sup- 
ply, which may easily be modified by proper treatment. 
Refrigeration engineering and boiler practice introduce a 
number of problems which only the trained chemical engi- 
neer, with a full laboratory equipment at his service, can 
hope to solve. The conservation of metals and minerals 
of all kinds, the utilization of by-products and saving of 
wastes are among the subjects of great importance, on 
w^hich the advice and work of this Division is frequently 
called for. 

The Division of Metallurgy is under the direction of 
Dr. Allerton S. Cushman, assisted by the general staff of 
the Institute. Dr. Cushman took his Bachelor's degree In 
chemistry at the Worcester Polytechnic Institute, under 
Professor Leonard KInnicutt, in 1888. He then went to 
Germany and studied metallurgy under Professors RIchter 
and Ledebur, at the Royal School of Mines in Freiberg, 
Saxony. He also studied for a time In the laboratory 
under the celebrated Professor Bunsen, at Heidelberg Uni- 
versity, Bavaria. After some years' professional practice 
and teaching in the West, he went to Harvard University, 

11 



where he took his Master's and Doctor's degrees, under 
Professors Jackson, Hill and Theodore Richards. For 
three years Dr. Cushman worked under Dr. H. W. Wiley 
in the United States Bureau of Chemistry, and was then 
made Assistant Director of the United States Office of 
Public Roads in Charge of Chemical and Physical Investi- 
gations, which position he held for six years until Novem- 
ber, 1910. * 



12 



DIVISION OF PAINT TECHNOLOGY 

HENRY A. GARDNER, in Charge of Division 

THE Division of Paint Technology is under the 
direction of Mr. Henry A. Gardner, Assistant Direc- 
tor of the Institute, who is well known as a writer and 
authority on paint problems. Mr. Gardner has acted as 
Director of the Scientific Section of the Paint Manufac- 
turers' Association of the U. S., and has been for many 
years in charge of the experimental work that has been 
carried on by this Association. This work, which now 
forms one of the chief activities of this Division, is being 




Corner of Paint Testing Laboratory 

continued under Mr. Gardner's supervision in the specially 
designed and thoroughly equipped paint laboratories of 
the Institute, where every facility is afforded for its prose- 
cution in a thoroughly practical as well as scientific manner. 
The extensive exposure tests in different sections of this 
country, which were designed to determine the comparative 
merits of protective coatings and paint products for various 
structural materials, are being continued and inspected 

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from time to time In order that reports and bulletins may 
be Issued and Information distributed. Additional system- 
atic exposure tests have recently been undertaken by this 
Division on the Institute grounds at Washington, In con- 
junction with Important laboratory researches to determine 
the physical and chemical properties of oils and oil mix- 
tures. 




Paint Tests on Grounds of The Institute of Industrial Research 

These tests are made upon Panels of Wood, Steel, and Cement. Several hundred 
different kinds of Paints and Paint Products are being tested in this practical fashion. 

This Division does not undertake the examination or 
commercial analysis of proprietary brands of paint or var- 
nishes, with the object of furnishing reports or certificates 
regarding their comparative value or relative durability. 
The Division Is, however. In a position to carry on research 
work to determine the usefulness of various products as 
paint constituents. Various materials which appear not to 
be suited for certain specific uses, and regardin-g, which 

14 



*i 



there is little Information on record, are often found upon 
Investigation to be subject to treatment that renders them 
satisfactory, or they may be found to possess characteristics 
which make them of great value In certain lines of manu- 
facture. Study of such products, with a view to working 
out methods for their utilization, will be undertaken. 

Advice to engineers, architects or painters regarding the 
better types of protective coatings for the exterior or In- 
terior of buildings Is given out from time to time without 
charge, In bulletin form. The regular serial bulletins of 
the Scientific Section of the Paint Manufacturers' Associa- 
tion are still being carried on. 

Consultation upon special problems which demand In- 
vestigation work will be undertaken for clients at charges 
commensurate with the service. The study of oils, oil 
substitutes, thinners, primers, driers, and waterproofing 
compounds represents an Important branch of the work of 
this Division, in which Its services are available. This 
Division cooperates with the other Divisions In working 
out the best treatment for protecting various materials of 
construction, among which may be Instanced protective 
coatings for the industrial metals, particularly iron and 
steel, and cement mortar and concrete structures. 



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I 



View of One of the Chemical Laboratories 



DIVISION OF FOODS AND AGRICULTURAL 
CHEMISTRY 

CHARLES A. CRAMPTON, M. D., Ph.C, in Charge of Division 



THIS Division handles all problems relating to the 
manufacture and marketing of food products. 
Within the past few years much legislation has been 
enacted regulating the production and sale of materials 
and preparations intended for use as food. The Food 
and Drugs Act and the Meat Inspection Act under the 
control of the United States Department of Agriculture, 
the Oleomargarine Law, and the tariff acts relating to tea, 
under the Treasury Department, may be cited as instances 
of Federal laws of this character, and most of the States 
have enacted laws governing either dairy products or food 
products in general. Proposed legislation is now before 
committees of Congress which, if enacted into law, would 
very greatly extend existent governmental control over 
commerce in food products. 

This Division of the Institute is admirably equipped for 
dealing with all matters arising under present or proposed 
laws controlling or regulating the manufacture and sale 
or the importation for sale of food products. It will 
undertake cases for clients before the Board of Food and 
Drug Inspection, the various Departments of the Gov- 
ernment charged with the execution of such laws, and the 
Federal Courts. It will represent individual clients or 
groups of manufacturers before Committees of Congress, 
concerning impending legislation, and it will give advice 
to manufacturers and dealers in regard to meeting the re- 
quirements of food control by changes and improvements 
in methods of manufacture, handling, labeling and mar- 
keting. In addition to matters arising under the various 

17 



laws, the Institute solicits correspondence In regard to all 
possible investigations connected with the food industries 
in the direction of Improvements, economies, utilization 
of waste materials, development of new products, etc. 
Problems common to entire lines of Industries are particu- 
larly desired. 

This Division has specialized quite extensively in the 
analysis of soft drinks and soda-water beverages, and, as a 
result, has become equipped with all the apparatus neces- 
sary for analytical and research problems in this field. 
The staff of this Division have specialized to a consider- 
able extent in research work on tea, coffee, and coloring 
matters used in food products. Researches are now being 
conducted in order to improve the processes of analyzing 
teas and coffees and for identifying the coloring matters 
occurring in food products. Toxicological and bacterio- 
logical work Is also carried out in this Division. A sub- 
division is now being established to carry on work In fer- 
mentology. 

The efficiency of the Division in dealing with matters of 
Government control of food products Is greatly enhanced 
by the long experience of the men In charge of this work, 
in the branches of the Government which deal with the 
laws pertaining to such regulation. 

The Chief of the Division, Dr. Charles A. Crampton, 
served twenty years as Chief Chemist of the Internal Reve- 
nue Bureau of the Treasury Department, and prior. to that 
time several years as Dr. Wiley's principal assistant in the 
Bureau of Chemistry of the Department of Agriculture. 
While in the Department of Agriculture he participated 
in the investigations (see Bulletin No. 13) which furnished 
the foundations for the present Pure Food and Drug Act, 
and in the Treasury Department he had charge of the 
technical administration of the laws taxing various food 
and drug products, such as oleomargarine, renovated and 
adulterated butter, fermented and distilled liquors, sugar, 
etc. He is also thoroughly familiar with customs matters, 
having served on numerous commissions for fixing draw- 
back rates, etc., which equips him for expert work before 

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I 



Customs Courts and the Tariff Commission. He Is espe- 
cially expert In his knowledge of the operation of the de- 
natured alcohol law, having had charge of Its administra- 
tion since Its inception, and having made three trips to 
Europe for the Government in connection with its enforce- 
ment. In addition to his knowledge of the various laws, 
Dr. Crampton is thoroughly qualified to take charge of all 
possible investigations connected with the food and drug 
Industries, and his services are available for general work 
involving organic analysis of the highest character. 



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DIVISION OF DRUGS 

HENRY G. FULLER, B. S , in Charge of Division 

This Division was created for the purpose of handling 
the several classes of problems connected with drug and 
pharmaceutical chemistry and with those industries con- 
cerned with the manufacture of insecticides and disin- 
fectants. 

The location of the Institute in Washington and the 
personal acquaintance of Its staff with Government officials 
and familiarity with departmental detail, has proven of 
signal advantage to manufacturers whose products are 
affected by federal laws; thus we undertake to criticise 
labels of drug products, insecticides, etc., and to confer 
with the officials of the various departments regarding a 
form which would be satisfactory In every respect, and to 
report to the client the results of the investigation. Fur- 
thermore, the Importance of having a technical representa- 
tive at departmental hearings has become more and more 
manifest, and for such appearances we are ably fitted. In 
addition to the above, this Division is equipped to perform 
check analyses of preparations which have been made the 
basis of prosecution; to advise with attorneys regarding 
the chemical features of cases which are being brought to 
trial; and to furnish Its staff to act as expert witnesses In 
cases involving chemical questions. Importations of for- 
eign drugs and supplies of domestic growth are examined 
and certificates of their quality issued. Conferences will 
be held with departmental officials with reference to 
formulas and labels of new products in order that the man- 
ufacturer may be assured that all compliances with regu- 
lations have been observed. We also contract to post our 
clients promptly regarding all new regulations and infor- 
mation having to do with their particular line, and this 
field Is In a state of rapid development. 

In the manufacturing field this Division Is prepared to 
work out new formulas for different classes of drug prod- 
ucts; to improve old formulas and prescriptions, especially 
with reference to their permanency and attractiveness as 
commercial articles; to report on manufacturing processes; 

20 



and to furnish manufacturing pharmacists with methods 
for the preparation of their standard chemicals such as 
aloin, podophyllin, acetanilid, adeps lanae, iodides, so- 
dium sahcylate, etc. Control work is undertaken and 
new assay methods evolved, for it often happens that a 
concern confronted with a peculiar and complex mixture 
is unable to arrive at a satisfactory method of analysis, 
and this Division takes up the problem and furnishes a 
reliable method for arriving at the data desired. Corre- 
spondence is also solicited in regard to possible investiga- 
tions in the direction of the utilization of waste materials. 

This Division has been especially concerned with the 
study of the chemistry of alkaloids and virulent poisons 
generally, and offers its services in toxicological investiga- 
tions. In conjunction with this work, equipment has been 
installed for handling clinical investigations. 

The importance of research work on the problems con- 
nected with manufacturing pharmacy, and especially in 
the line of lowering the cost of manufacturing and of 
crude material, is becoming more and more manifest. 
The Institute has made a careful study of the situation, 
and offers its services to individual firms, associations of 
manufacturers, and associations of wholesale and retail 
druggists desirous of a solution of these larger problems. 

The Chief of the Division, Mr. Henry C. Fuller, was 
employed in the Bureau of Chemistry about five years 
before becoming connected with the Institute, during 
which time he testified as an expert witness for the Gov- 
ernment in many cases of prosecution under the Food and 
Drugs Act. Prior to his connection with the Bureau of 
Chemistry he was in the employ successively of large drug 
manufacturing concerns, such as the Mallinckrodt Chem- 
ical Works and Parke, Davis & Company, for a period of 
four years. He has published a number of papers on the 
assay of medicinal products and pharmaceutical problems, 
and Is the author of "The Qualitative Analysis of Medici- 
nal Preparations." He has, therefore, had experience 
both In practical commercial work and In Government 
control work, giving him a breadth of training which has 
fitted him most thoroughly for the work of the Institute. 

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Cement and Testing Laboratory 



DIVISION OF ROADS AND PAVEMENTS AND 
MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION 

PREVOST HUBBARD, in Charge of Division 

TWO WELL-EQUIPPED laboratories have been given 
over to this Division, the "Cement and Testing Labo- 
ratory" and the "Bitumen Laboratory." 
The "Cement and Testing Laboratory" is located in the 
basement and is a large, well-lighted room with cement 
concrete floor, measuring 700 sq. ft. It is equipped with 
the usual laboratory benches and hood, and contains a 
150,000-pound motor-driven Riehle Testing Machine, a 
Fairbanks Cement Testing Machine of the latest improved 
construction, a moist closet, steam chamber, storage tanks 
and muffle-furnace, together with a complete cement test- 
ing outfit. This laboratory is devoted to the physical test- 
ing of cements, rocks, clays, brick, block, iron, steel, wood, 
rubber and other materials of construction. 

The "Bitumen Laboratory" is located in the southeast 
corner of the second floor, and is twelve by twenty-four 
feet. It contains an alberene stone top laboratory table, 
alberene stone working shelves along the walls, two large 
alberene stone hoods, one for general use and the other for 
distillation and extraction work with inflammable solvents. 
All of the working space is piped for gas, water, blast and 
vacuum, and is wired for electrical connections. The 
equipment is thoroughly complete and up-to-date. Among 
other things may be mentioned the following apparatus: 
A penetration machine, float test apparatus, a motor-driven 
ductility machine, a motor-driven extractor for bituminous 
aggregates, an Ofl^ce of Public Roads melting point ap- 
paratus, viscosimeter, flash and fire testers, a cold chamber. 



23 



an oven for volatilization tests equipped with a gas regu- 
lator, hot plates, a sulphur determination apparatus, and 
hot and cold extraction apparatus. In addition, it is well 
equipped with glass, porcelain, platinum and iron ware, 
and reagents for the usual chemical work. 

In this laboratory petroleum and petroleum products, 
tars and tar products, creosoting oils, asphalts, bituminous 
emulsions, bituminous aggregates and all other types of 
chemical road and paving materials, roofing materials, rub- 
ber, etc., are examined and tested. Chemical examina- 




ExTRACTioN Hood— Bitumen Laboratory 

tions of rocks, clays, cements, etc., are made here, and 
researches conducted on improvements in industrial prod- 
ucts and processes and the utilization of waste products for 
road purposes. The testing and analysis of coal and in- 
vestigations relating to all classes of fuels are also con- 
ducted in this laboratory. 

This Division of the Institute is under the supervision 
of Mr. Prevost Hubbard, who was formerly Chief Chem- 
ist of the Office of Public Roads, United States Depart- 

24 



ment of Agriculture. Mr. Hubbard Is the author of 
"Dust Preventives and Road Binders" and of many other 
publications on similar subjects. He has had wide ex- 
perience in the examination and use of all types of road 
and paving materials, and has been engaged as lecturer on 
engineering chemistry in the new post-graduate course in 
highway engineering at Columbia University. For the 
past two years he has served in the capacity of Consulting 
Chemical Engineer and as a member of the Advisory 
Board to the New York State Department of Efficiency 



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Corner of Bitumen Laboratory 

and Economy. His work in this connection has had to do 
mainly with investigations relative to the improvement of 
highway matters in New York State. 

This Division is engaged in an important investiga- 
tion of the relative value of different types of road and 
paving materials under various local conditions, and the 
inspection and supervision of roads and pavements of all 
types and their materials of construction. It Is prepared 
to furnish specifications and advice regarding road and 

25 



paving problems, and also Improvements of materials and 
processes relating to the road and paving material Indus- 
tries. The Division also engages In the preparation of 
expert evidence to be used In litigation when the purposes 
of clients are thoroughly straightforward and honest. 

The Institute Invites to this Division the attention of all 
public services bodies, associations, corporations and Indi- 
viduals who are Interested In the manufacture and use of 
cements, concretes, road and paving materials and all other 
materials of construction. The Interests of all clients of 
the Institute are carefully and loyally guarded In every 
way. 



26 




A Corner of the Physical and Electrical Engineering Laboratory 



DIVISION OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, PHYSICS, 
AND ELECTROCHEMISTRY 

NEVIL MONROE HOPKINS, M.S., Ph.D., in Charge of Division 

THIS Division of the Institute is prepared to undertake 
experimental work in the field of applied electricity, 
physics and electrochemistry; to assist inventors in 
developing their ideas, machines or processes; to furnish 
scientific data to the Patent Office for such clients in cases 
of complicated applications, and to give expert testimony 
in patent litigation. The design of scientific instruments 
is made a specialty, as well as tests of motors, generators, 
transformers, lamps, primary and storage batteries, light- 
ning arresters, protective devices, fuses, circuit breakers, 
high and low tension magnetos, etc., etc. Certificates of 
tests will be furnished by the Institute when this is justified 
by the circumstances and the performance of the device 
warrants it. Special attention will also be given to all 
classes of electric automatic devices, and materials used in 
the various electrical arts and manufactures. In the field 
of heavy electrical engineering, the Institute is prepared to 
supply complete designs of central stations for light and 
power, as well as designs for isolated plants for towns and 
country residences. The preparation of specifications and 
the purchase for clients of materials in the foreign or do- 
mestic market is made a specialty. The laboratories of 
the Institute are equipped with standard instruments of 
precision for various kinds of electrical currents, direct and 
alternating, single and polyphase, of all commercial volt- 
ages and frequencies. Provision is also made for high 
voltages for the testing of insulation, and insulating com- 
pounds at commercial frequencies, as well as for very high 
voltages at high frequencies. Direct current of heavy 
amperage is available for welding, electrical furnace work, 
for making permanent magnets and for metallurgical and 
electrochemical processes. The experimental department 
includes every type of electrical measuring instrument; 

28 



1 



such as ammeters, voltmeters, wattmeters, dynamometers, 
for both alternating and direct current, alternating and 
direct current comparators, oscillographs for wave form 
determinations of electro-motive force, current and power. 
Standards of resistance. Inductance and capacity of the 
most approved pattern, also form a part of the equipment. 
Facilities for the testing of the magnetic properties of Iron 
and steel are provided for, as well as constant and variable 
temperature space for studying the electrical properties of 
alloys. The equipment Includes facilities for work In the 
field of wireless telegraphy and telephony. Roentgen rays, 
very high electrical pressures at high frequencies, and for 
experiments In electrical discharges through gases. In- 
vestigations and experiments at high and low temperatures 
can also be undertaken. 

The Division Is under the immediate charge of Dr. 
Nevll Monroe Hopkins, who has had special training 
and practical experience in the field of electrical engineer- 
ing, applied physics, electrochemistry, and general ex- 
perimental work. Dr. Hopkins first studied the physical 
sciences during eight years spent in Germany and France. 
After this, he worked through the shops and various 
departments of the General Electric Company, at 
Schenectady, New York. After a number of years in 
machine shop and practical testing work. Dr. Hopkins 
took up university studies, specializing in physics, chem- 
istry and electrical engineering at the Corcoran Scien- 
tific School and at Columbian and Harvard Universities, 
taking successively the degrees of Bachelor of Science, 
Master of Science, and Doctor of Philosophy. Dr. Hop- 
kins has been associated for many years with Professor 
Charles E. Munroe as an assistant, later as Instructor and 
Assistant Professor in the School of Graduate Studies of 
The George Washington University. Dr. Hopkins has 
worked successfully upon a large number of electrical and 
physical problems for many large corporations, municipal- 
ities and individuals, and has been Instrumental in the per- 
fecting of a number of noteworthy electrical Inventions. 
He was appointed Electrical Engineer in the U. S. Navy 

29 



Department by Ex-Presldent Roosevelt, on account of the 
Consolidation of Power Plants at all Navy Yards and 
Naval Stations, and had to do with the entire field of elec- 
tricity ashore in the Navy, in designing central power sta- 
tions, lighting systems, the driving of heavy and light ma- 
chine tools by electric motors and the writing of standard 
specifications for all classes of electrical apparatus. Dr. 
Hopkins was appointed Mechanical Expert in the U. S. 
Office of Public Roads subsequent to the completion of the 
Navy work. He is the author of numerous scientific arti- 
cles and books. 



30 



DIVISION OF MILL PROBLEMS 

GEORGE W. COGGESHALL, Ph.D., in Charge of Division 

INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH demands the fullest cooperation 
between the producer or manufacturer and the investi- 
gation laboratory. It frequently becomes necessary to 
adapt laboratory results to the mill scale of operation, and 
in addition to this many problems are best studied in the 
actual field of manufacturing operation. The Division of 
Mill Problems has been organized to deal particularly with 
this phase of the work. The Division is under the super- 
vision of Dr. George W. Coggeshall, who is especially 
fitted by education and training to direct this work. Dr. 
Coggeshall received his bachelor's degree at Grinnell, in 
1890; he then went to Germany and took his doctorate 
under the celebrated Professor Ostwald, at Leipzig. He 
was for several years instructor in Physical Chemistry at 
Harvard University, and for the following ten years was 
engaged in manufacturing and applied chemistry. A spe- 
cialty is made of designs and estimates for modernizing 
old industrial plants and the construction of new ones. 
The adaptation of patented processes and products to the 
commercial scale of operation is a branch of the work 
which it is believed will be found useful by inventors and 
capitalists who are attempting to develop new lines of in- 
dustry or improve old ones. Dr. Coggeshall's special 
training, taken in conjunction with the broad field covered 
by the various Divisions of the Institute, is a guarantee of 
efficient service along these special lines. 

This Division has been engaged on a number of prob- 
lems of a highly important nature, some of which have 
been successfully solved, while others are developing very 
interesting results. It is believed that the coordination of 
theory with practice, that is made possible by this Division, 
will be appreciated by producers and manufacturers who 
wish to broaden or reduce the costs of their production by 
availing themselves of the latest and best scientific methods. 



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REPORTS AND PUBLICATIONS 



THE Institute issues from time to time printed bulle- 
tins, circulars and reports containing the results of 
investigation or covering some special field of infor- 
mation. In addition to the printed matter, typewritten 
reports are furnished to clients on special investigations. 
Following the practice of the best laboratories, such re- 
ports are ordinarily submitted with the understanding that 
they are not to be used for advertising purposes except in 
cases in which special arrangement to this end has been 
made and in which due regard to dignity and ethical prin- 
ciples has been taken into consideration. 



I 



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PUBLICATIONS OF THE INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL 
RESEARCH, WASHINGTON, D. C. 

Announcement Circular, December, 1910. 

Announcement Circular (Food and Drug Division), December, 1910. 

Bulletin No. i. The Preservation of the Exterior of Wooden Buildings, 
by Allerton S. Cushman and Henry A. Gardner. 

The Conservation of Iron, by Allerton S. Cushman. Reprint from the 
Jour, of The Franklin Institute, April, 191 1. 

Announcement Circular (Division of Roads and Pavements). 

Bulletin No. 2. The Sanitary Value of Wall Paints, by Henry A. 
Gardner. 

Circular No. i. Paints for Cypress and Their Necessity, by Henry A. 
Gardner. 

The Practical Testing of Drying and Semi-drying Paint Oils (Wash- 
ington Test Fence); Report of Subcommittee C on Paint Oils; 
Report of Subcommittee D on the Atlantic City Steel Paint Tests. 
Reprint from the Proc. Amer. Soc. for Test. Materials, Vol. XI, 
1911. 

Circular No. 2. The Effect of Color upon the Durability of Paint, by 
Henry A. Gardner. 

Bulletin No. 3. The Institute of Industrial Research of Washington, 
D. C. Scope and Organization. 

What Makes White Lead Chalk and How Chalking may be Prevented, 
by Henry A. Gardner. Reprint from the Jour, of The Franklin 
Institute, January, 1912. 

The Determination of Oxygen in Iron and Steel, by Allerton S. Cush- 
man. Reprint from the Jour, of Indus. & Engrg. Chem., Vol. 3, 
No. 6, June, 191 1. 

The Effects of Pigments Ground in Linseed Oil, by Henry A. Gardner. 
Reprint from the Jour, of Indus. & Engrg. Chem., Vol. 3, No. 9, 
September, 191 1. 

The Value of Certain Paint Oils, by Henry A. Gardner. Reprint from 
the Jour, of The Franklin Institute, January, 191 1. 

The Manufacture of Pure Irons in Open-Hearth Furnaces, by A. S. 
Cushman. Reprint from the Proc. of the Amer. Soc. for Test. 
Mater., Vol. XI, 1911. 

Paints for Metallic Structures. Official Report by Allerton S. Cush- 
man, Washington. Advance reprint from transactions of Vlth 
Congress, Nev/ York, 1912, International Association for Testing 
Materials. 

Circular No. 4. Certified Analyses of Bituminous Road and Paving 
Materials for Highway Engineers and Contractors. 

The Effect of Pigments upon the Constants of Linseed Oil, by Henry 
A. Gardner. Reprint from Jour, of The Franklin Institute, Octo- 
ber, 1912. 

The Rarer Paint Oils, by Henry A. Gardner. Reprinted from Original 
Communications, Eighth International Congress of Applied Chem- 
istry. 

A Chemical Investigation of Asiatic Rice, by Allerton S. Cushman and 
Henry C. Fuller. Reprinted from Original Communications, Eighth 
International Congress of Applied Chemistry. 

Notes on a Study of the Temperature Gradients of Setting Portland 
Cement, by Allerton S. Cushman. Reprinted from Original Com- 
munications, Eighth International Congress of Applied Chemistry. 

33 



The Decoration of the Interior of Hospitals and Public Buildings, by 
Henry A. Gardner. Reprinted from The Journal of the American 
Medical Association, February 3, 1912, Vol. LVHI, pp. 338 and 339. 

Notes on the Formation and Inhibition of Mildew in Paints, by Henry 
A. Gardner. Reprinted from the Journal of The Franklin Insti- 
tute, January, 1913. 

The Production of Available Potash from the Natural Silicates, by 
Allerton S. Cushman and George W. Coggeshall. Reprinted from 
Original Communications, Eighth International Congress of Ap- 
plied Chemistry. 

An Electrolytic Method for the Determination of Tin in Canned Food 
Products, by Allerton S. Cushman and Everett B. Wettengel. Re- 
printed from the Journal of Indus. & Engrg. Chem., Vol. 5, No. 3, 
March, 1913. 

Bulletin No. 4. Bituminous Roads and Pavements and Their Materials 
of Construction. By Prevost Hubbard. 

Bulletin No. 5. Pure Iron vs. Copper-bearing Steel. By Allerton S. 
Cushman. 

Bulletin No. 6. Conservation and Its Relation to Pharmaceutical Chem- 
istry. By Henry C. Fuller. 

The Composition of Paint Vapors. By Henry A. Gardner. Reprint 
from the Jour, of Indus. & Engrg. Chem., Vol. 6, No. 2, Feb., 1914. 

Modern Research in the Metallurgy of Iron. By Allerton S. Cushman. 
Reprint from the Journal of The Franklin Institute, Aug., 1914. 

Books Published by Members of Staff. 

Paint Technology and Tests, by Henry A. Gardner. McGraw-Hill 
Book Co., New York, 191 1. 

Corrosion and Preservation of Iron and Steel, by Allerton S. Cushman 
and Henry A. Gardner. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1910. 

The Analysis of Paints and Painting Materials, by Henry A. Gardner 
and John A. Schaeffer,, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1910. 

The Qualitative Analysis of Medicinal Preparations, by Henry C. Ful- 
ler. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1912. 

Dust Preventives and Road Binders, by Prevost Hubbard. John Wiley 
& Sons, New York, 1910. 

PUBLICATIONS OF THE SCIENTIFIC SECTION, PAINT 

MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION OF THE 

UNITED STATES. 

Bulletins Nos. i to 30, inclusive, now out of print. 

Bulletin No. 31. Report on the Repainting Tests at the North Dakota 
Agricultural College, 1910, by Leo P. Nemzek. Published by the 
Secretary, 636 The Bourse, Phila. 

Bulletin No. 32. Notes on a Recent Study of the Atlantic City Steel 
Paint Tests. Published by The Institute of Industrial Research, 
Washington, D. C. 

Bulletin No. 33. Address of Dr. David Fairchild, Chief Plant Explorer, 
Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of x\griculture. on The 
Cultivation of the Tung Tree (China Wood Oil) in the U. S. 
Notes on the Properties of Chinese and Japanese Lacquer, by 
Henry A. Gardner. Published by the Secretary, 636 The Bourse, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 

Bulletin No. 34. Report of the 1912 Inspection of the Atlantic City 
Wooden Test Fence, including the Repainting Tests and the New- 
Tests. The Institute of Industrial Research. 

34 



Bulletin No. 35. Report of the 1912 Inspection of the Pittsburgh Test 
Fence, including the Repainting Tests and the New Tests. Pub- 
lished by The Institute of Industrial Research, Washington, D. C. 

Bulletin No. 36. Report of Inspection of the Tennessee Test Fence. 
Published bv The Institute of Industrial Research, Washington. 
D. C. 

Bulletin No. ^t"]. Primers for Metals, by Henry A. Gardner. Published 
by the Secretary, 636 The Bourse, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Bulletin No. 38. Surfaces and Colors for Hospitals and Schools. An 
Address by Alfred C. Rapp. 

Bulletin No. 39. General Report on North Dakota House Repainting 
Tests, 1912. By L. P. Nemzek. 

Bulletin No. 40. Annual Report of Committee D-i (on Preservative 
Coatings), 1913, American Society for Testing Materials. 

Bulletin No. 41. The Toxic and Antiseptic Properties of Paints. By 
Henry A. Gardner. 

Bulletin No. 42. Fire Retardant Paints for Shingles. By Henry A. 
Gardner. 

Bulletin No. 43. Changes Occurring in Oils and Paste Paints. By 
Henry A. Gardner. 

Bulletin No. 44. Paints for Impregnated Wood. 

Bulletin No. 45. Report of Committee D-i, A. S. T. M., 1914. 

Circular No. i. Shellac Priming Coat and a Consideration of the Prac- 
tice of Shellacking Knots and Sappy Places. 

Circular No. 2. Comparison of Service Condition of Two Coat and 
Three Coat Work. 

Circular No. 3. Ready Mixed Paints in the U. S. Navy. 

Circular No. 7. Paint for Steam and Hot Water Radiators. 

Circular No. 8. Painting Cement and Concrete. 

Circular No. 9. Paint Protection and Its Economy. 

Circular No. 10. The Increasing Use of Wall Paints. 

Circular No. 11. Report on Tests Conducted at Washington. 

Circular No. 12. Tests on Young's Million-Dollar Pier, Atlantic City, 
N.J. 

Zinc, Lithopone, and Lead. By Henry A. Gardner. 

Circular No. 13. Painting Wall Board. 

Circular No. 14. Standard Specifications for the Purity of Raw Linseed 
Oil from North American Seed. 

Circular No. 15. Paint as an Asset. 

Circular No. 16. The Use of High-Grade Paints as Preservatives for 
Dwellings, Barns, and Shingled Structures. 

Circular No. 17. Metal Primer Tests. 

Circular No. 18. The Growth of the Prepared Paint Industry and Its 
Effect upon the Painter. 

Circular No. 19. Paint as an Investment. 

Circular No. 20. Painting — Poem by Walt Mason. 

Circular No. 21. The Advantages of High-Grade Prepared Paint for 
Repainting Dwellings and Similar Structures. 

Circular No. 22. The Effect of Zinc White in House Paints. 

Circular No. 22^. Rust-Inhibitive Paints for Metal Structures. 

Circular No. 24. Prepared Paints for Cement Surfaces. 

Circular No. 25. The Necessity of Painting Wooden Structures. 

Circular No. 26. Sanitary Properties of Paint \"apors. 



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